Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

Lithuanian–Belorussian SSR
Lietuvos–Baltarusijos TSR
Літоўска–Беларуская ССР
Литовско–Белорусская ССР
Client of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
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Flag
Map of planned Litbel borders (thick blue line) superimposed on state borders of 1920
Capital Vilnius, Minsk, Smolensk
Language(s) Lithuanian, Belarusian, Yiddish, Polish, Russian[1]
Government Soviet socialist republic
Legislature Council of People's Commissars
Historical era World War I
 - Established February 17, 1919
 - Disestablished July 17, 1919

Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic or Litbel (Lit-Bel, LBSSR; Lithuanian: Lietuvos–Baltarusijos Tarybinė Socialistinė Respublika; Belarusian: Літоўска–Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка; Russian: Литовско–Белорусская ССР; Polish: Litewsko–Białoruska Republika Rad) was a Soviet socialist republic, that existed within the territories of modern Belarus and eastern Lithuania for approximately seven months during 1919. It was created after the merger of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia. The republic was dissolved after the Polish Army took over its territory during the Polish–Soviet War.

Contents

Background

After the end of World War I in November 1918, Soviet Russia began a westward offensive following the retreating German Army. It attempted to spread the global proletarian revolution and sought to establish Soviet republics in Eastern Europe.[2] By the end of December 1918, Bolshevik forces reached Lithuania. The Bolsheviks saw the Baltic states as a barrier or a bridge into the Western Europe, where they could join the German and the Hungarian Revolutions.[3]

The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed on 16 December 1918[4] and the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia was established on 1 January 1919.[5] The two republics were weak, championed by newly created Communist Party of Lithuania and Communist Party of Byelorussia but not enjoying public support.[6] Faced with military setbacks in the Polish–Soviet and Lithuanian–Soviet Wars, the Soviets decided to consolidate the efforts and the two republics were merged into Litbel on 27 February 1919.[4] The communist parties were also merged into the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Lithuania and Belorussia.

Short-lived state

The merger of Lithuanian and Belarusian Soviet Republics was not welcomed in either Lithuania or Belarus.[1] In particular, Belarusians perceived the merger as annexation by Lithuania[1] and resented exploitation of Belarusian nationalism for tactical reasons.[7] Some Belarusian nationalists, like Zmicier Zhylunovich, resigned their posts.[7] However, Moscow insisted and the merger was supervised by Adolph Joffe, who selected the members of the Litbel government. The new government was headed by Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas, Chairman of the Sovnarkom (corresponding to prime minister) and included no Belarusians.[1] The government was financed by loans from Russian SFSR.[1] Historians describe it as "artificial creation" or "fiction".[8]

Litbel's capital was initially Vilnius. In April it was moved to Minsk, after Vilnius was seized by the Polish Army during the Vilna offensive.[4] Soviet premier Vladimir Lenin hoped to start peace negotiations with Poland via Polish communist Julian Markhlevski and officially liquidated Litbel on 17 July 1919.[9] Minsk was lost during the Operation Minsk, thus the government of Litbel – which in fact no longer existed – evacuated to Smolensk in August 1919.[10] By late July 1919, almost the entire territory of Litbel was occupied by foreign armies.

Aftermath

Already in September 1919, the Soviets recognized independent Lithuania and offered to negotiate a peace treaty.[4] The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty was concluded on July 12, 1920. When the Polish–Soviet War turned to Soviet favor, the Soviets recaptured Minsk and recreated the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic on 31 July 1920.[5] Despite diplomatic recognition and the peace treaty, the Soviets planned a coup to overthrow the Lithuanian government and re-establish the Soviet republic.[11] However, Soviets lost the Battle of Warsaw and were pushed back by the Poles. Some historians credit this victory for saving Lithuania's independence from the Soviet coup.[12][13] The Polish–Russian border was determined by the Peace of Riga, which left just about half of Belarusian territory to Belorussian SSR.[5]

Members of the Council of People's Commissars

Members of the Council of the People's Commissars (equivalent to a cabinet of ministers) as of February 27, 1919 were:[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Borzęcki, Jerzy (2008). The Soviet-Polish peace of 1921 and the creation of interwar Europe. Yale University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780300121216. http://books.google.com/books?id=wjsk1sdZzdIC&pg=PA16. 
  2. ^ Davies, Norman (1998). Europe: A History. HarperPerennial. p. 934. ISBN 0-06-097468-0. 
  3. ^ Rauch, Georg von (1970). The Baltic States: The Years of Independence. University of California Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-520-02600-4. 
  4. ^ a b c d Suziedelis, Saulius (2011). Historical Dictionary of Lithuania (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. pp. 169–170. ISBN 9780810849143. http://books.google.com/books?id=VkGB1CSfIlEC&pg=PA169. 
  5. ^ a b c Marples, David R. (1999). Belarus: a denationalized nation. Taylor & Francis. pp. 5–6. ISBN 9789057023439. http://books.google.com/books?id=EMCYfOSaLSgC&pg=PA5. 
  6. ^ Mawdsley, Evan (2007). The Russian Civil War. Pegasus Books. p. 118. ISBN 1933648155. http://books.google.com/?id=LUhXZD2BPeQC&pg=PA118. 
  7. ^ a b Pipes, Richard (1997). The formation of the Soviet Union: communism and nationalism, 1917-1923 (2nd ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780674309517. http://books.google.com/books?id=smDy35onbtAC&pg=PA153. 
  8. ^ Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys, Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-312-22458-3. http://books.google.com/?id=0_i8yez8udgC&pg=PA66. 
  9. ^ Borzęcki, Jerzy (2008). The Soviet-Polish peace of 1921 and the creation of interwar Europe. Yale University Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780300121216. http://books.google.com/books?id=wjsk1sdZzdIC&pg=PA36. 
  10. ^ Kipel, Vitaut; Zora Kipel (1988). Byelorussian statehood: reader and bibliography. Byelorussian Institute of Arts and Sciences. p. 188. OCLC 19592740. http://books.google.com/books?ct=result&id=DetoAAAAMAAJ&q=evacuated+smolensk. 
  11. ^ Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys, Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-312-22458-3. http://books.google.com/?id=0_i8yez8udgC&pg=PA70. 
  12. ^ Snyder, Timothy (2004). The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999. Yale University Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 030010586X. http://books.google.com/?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC&pg=PA63. 
  13. ^ Senn, Alfred Erich (September 1962). "The Formation of the Lithuanian Foreign Office, 1918–1921". Slavic Review 3 (21): 500–507. doi:10.2307/3000451. ISSN 0037-6779. 
  14. ^ Senn, Alfred Erich (1975). The Emergence of Modern Lithuania (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 240. ISBN 0-8371-7780-4.